The Islamic Insurgency In Thailand
Alamgir Hussain
When General Sonthi Boonyaratkalin, the first-ever Muslim head of the Thai army, seized power in a bloodless coup on Sept. 19, news media around world became flooded with expert opinions and commentaries that there was a hope of peace in the insurgency-plagued Muslim provinces of southern Thailand. Even the U.S., which has been consistent in condemning any military coup in recent years, kept virtually quiet on the coup in Thailand. President Bush even nodded in agreement when he told the interim Thai Prime Minister during the recent APEC meeting that "he understood the Thai coup."
The academicians have also taken a leading role in defending the coup. Following the coup, prominent academicians in Thailand wrote commentaries and made statements in the Thai media praising the military takeover and expressing hope for peace in the South.
In a conference titled "Security Cooperation and Governance in Southeast Asia: Responding to Terrorism, Insurgency and Separatist Violence in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines" — jointly hosted by Singapore's Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies and Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies — prominent experts and academicians, studying the Thailand insurgency, also expressed an emphatic hope for peace in southern Thailand after the successful coup. Never have I seen such unqualified praise for a military-lead coup replacing a democratically elected government anywhere in the world.
In the midst of unprecedented support for this coup to replace a democratic government, what has surprised me most is the unfettered expression of hope by pundits and academicians that peace was on the way in the insurgency stricken provinces in Thailand. Given the experiences of Islamic insurgency and violence from Kashmir to Chechnya and from Mindanao to Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina spanning decades, it was utterly naive of the experts to pin such high hopes that an unethical coup would usher in peace in Thailand.
In line with this flurry of hopes for peace, the Muslim coup leader General Sonthi immediately made it clear that solving the insurgency in the South was his priority. Yet, the insurgency continued unabated.
After the caretaker government was instituted, interim Prime Minister General Surayud Chulanont made vigorous efforts to cool down the violence through repeated offers of concessions and privileges to the Muslims in southern Thailand. He first visited the restive South on Nov. 2 to offer an unqualified apology for the previous excesses committed by the Thai military. The immediate response was a series of reinvigorated attacks by the insurgents.
The general returned to the region for the second time in the same week to offer autonomy in the region, which was also spurned by the insurgents with a series of violent attacks. The prime minister even made an offer to allow the application of Islamic Sharia laws in an otherwise secular democratic country. This offer was also rejected by the insurgents with increased violent attacks.
In the final offer of olive branches, the government offered to set up a Special Economic Zone in the Muslim South to help the economy, which was also greeted with a wave of attacks reportedly racking up at least 7 dead bodies overnight. The government implemented a series of other concessions, including the dropping of charges against some 58 Tak Bai protesters, a renewed pledge to solve the disappearance of Muslim human rights activist Somchai and the abolition of blacklists.
In sum, the military-ruled government has offered the Muslim provinces of South Thailand far beyond what is desirable for a united and secular democratic country, but all has been rebuffed by the Islamic insurgents with waves of invigorated violence.
Surprisingly, the experts make desperate yet naive efforts to separate the religion of Islam from the violence in southern Thailand. In the recent conference in Singapore, the experts emphasized: "The underlying issue is essentially an ethno-nationalist one — it is bound up with Malay identity and the failure of the government in Bangkok to accommodate Malay aspirations. Religion is very much a secondary issue. This is about Malayness not about Islam, and linkages with ulama (Islamic scholars), mosque and madrasah (Islamic schools) are secondary and essentially coincidental."
Rohan Gunaranta, a renowned expert on Islamic terrorism, also affirmed the same. He pointed out the parallels with Chechnya and Kashmir. "Those groups were initially nationalist but eventually developed a pan-Islamist outlook," he said. "I believe that within the next five years southern Thailand will become like the southern Philippines."
He also pinned high hope on the coup, saying it was "a great opportunity that cannot be missed."
The efforts of the experts to distance Islam from this insurgency and their pinning high hopes on a coup to usher in peace in the Thai South belie the evidence and experiences accumulated over the decades. The experts quickly disregard the most obvious fact that whenever Muslims form a sizable population in a region of an otherwise non-Muslim country, they start a secessionist campaign for independence of that region to form an Islamic state.
That's also exactly what is happening in Kashmir, Chechnya, Mindanao and Kosovo, and now in the Thai South. The unsuspecting experts naively buy Muslims' unsubstantiated allegations of oppression and marginalization as the underlying and justifiable cause for the insurgency. Despite decades of such incidences, the experts, consciously or unconsciously, ignore the most obvious fact that the people involved in these insurgencies are the Muslims and their common binding factor is Islam.
In regard to the allegation of oppression and marginalization of the Muslims, it is happening everywhere: in Kashmir, Mindanao, Chechnya, Kosovo, Australia, the U.S. and all across Europe. However, such allegations are hardly substantiated in facts and figures.
Muslims, moreover, are allegedly oppressed and marginalized even in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia, where they are a majority. In the recent annual meeting of the ruling UMNO party in Malaysia, the issue of marginalization of the majority Malay Muslims by the minority Chinese and Indians became a heated topic in fiery speeches. The experts should, however, take note that if discrimination and marginalization are the valid causes of the barbaric insurgency that is going on in southern Thailand, the minority Chinese and the Indians should have burned Malaysia into ashes with violence for the kind of discrimination going on against them as the constitutionally approved government policy in that country.
Another factor the experts ignore is that a number of secessionist campaigns by various ethnic and religious groups have been solved over the recent decades. The insurgency by the Sikh people for independence from India is one such example. But none of the Islamist secessionist campaigns in non-Muslim countries have achieved a peaceful solution but instead, they have only gained strength in ferocity and violence. While, in cases like Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina, they have gotten for what they initiated the insurgency, which is autonomy, and eventually independence in time to follow. Furthermore, in stead of subsiding, new Islamic insurgency continues to spring up across the world on a regular basis.
There is little doubt in the fact that the experts on terrorism, especially those working on the Islamist violence and insurgency, are of great importance in today's world stricken by the Islamist terrorist activities at all corners of the world. Their opinion and advice greatly influence the policies of the Governments that shape the future of our world. It is important that these experts get the proper understanding of the fundamentals behind the massive Islamist insurgency and violence that plague the world. Otherwise, their expertise is not going to help but instead, may only worsen the future of mankind.
As for the insurgency in southern Thailand, the government should learn from the experiences in Kashmir, Kosovo and Mindanao that nothing short of achieving an independent Islamist state could cool down the insurgency. History tells us that appeasing the Islamists, which is going on in Thailand, only emboldens them. Thailand should either choose between giving away the southern Muslim provinces for immediate peace or engage in a decades-long battle like the governments of India and the Philippines in Kashmir and Mindanao, respectively.
The Islamic Insurgency In Thailand
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abdallah
URL
December 1, 2006
02:15 AM
Very well writen piece, I most of the times I do enjoy and shae some of your views and out look on few problamatic issues that suround us.
Shukran,
Abdallah
temporal
URL
December 1, 2006
05:50 PM
alamgir:
you wrote: Another factor the experts ignore is that a number of secessionist campaigns by various ethnic and religious groups have been solved over the recent decades. The insurgency by the Sikh people for independence from India is one such example.
can you kindly elaborate:
1: who are these "experts"?
2: name five ethnic and five religious groups whose sessionist campaigns have been resolved in 'recent' decades
Alamgir Hussain
URL
December 1, 2006
10:13 PM
Quote: "who are these "experts"?"
Temporal, have you read my article? I refered to a conference in Singapore, where all the big-shots studying Thai insurgency assembled and gave their opinion which I have summed up. I have also cited about the academicians in Bankok, who have been naively blaming previous Government of Takhsin for the troubles there.
Have you heard the name of Rohan Gunaratna, the number one Islamic terrorism expert in the World. He is being called by white house frequently have advises on tackling terrorism Asia.
Quote: "name five ethnic and five religious groups whose sessionist campaigns have been resolved in 'recent' decades"
Temporal, you are asking for 5 religious and 5 ethnic campaign being solved. I probably don't know that that many secessionist campiagns (10 in all) if at all exist(ed) in Asia and North America, the regions I have been following. Yet apart from Punjab, the ethnic insurgency in Tibet and Souther Bangladesh (latter fuled by massive injustice tho) are dead as dodo. Ulfa campign is dying off, the Sikkim problem probably. In North America, the Quebec secessionist campaign for dead deep in the sea.
The deadliest non-Muslim insurgency is the Tamil tigers. I am hoping that that one is going to end before any other Islamic campaign in non-Muslim countries ends.
temporal
URL
December 1, 2006
10:51 PM
alamgir:
I refered to a conference in Singapore, where all the big-shots studying Thai insurgency assembled and gave their opinion which I have summed up.
alright, no names?
but seriously a link should have sufficed:)
Have you heard the name of Rohan Gunaratna, the number one Islamic terrorism expert in the World.
i know of more than a billion experts in islamic terrorism including scores here on DC:)
read this quote:
thanks for replying
Alamgir Hussain
URL
December 1, 2006
11:23 PM
Temporal, during my close following of and association with Desicritics for 2 weeks, I have already decided not to engage in debate with 2 persons - one being yourself and another also probably sits in the editorial, like you.
Yet, I responded to make clear that my facts are there. Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies (IDSS, Singapore) remains number one institute researching on these issues. look at their publications and compare with others in the region. Rohan is the head of that Insititute. His colleague Dr Goerge Harrison and their collaborators from Scotland are recognized best experts in Thai insurgency in the Academia. Rohan's "Inside al-Qaeda" was one of the top sellers on its kind. They are surely not experts...
This is the last with you on this thread.
temporal
URL
December 1, 2006
11:50 PM
alamgir:
thank you for taking the time out of what must be your busy schedule to respond
you wrote:
Have you heard the name of Rohan Gunaratna, the number one Islamic terrorism expert in the World.
and
Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies (IDSS, Singapore) remains number one institute researching on these issues. look at their publications and compare with others in the region. Rohan is the head of that Insititute.
let us see how others see this uncle-abdul...er temple drum
exhibit A
Temple Drum of terrorism industry?
On Rohan Gunaratna: the 'Temple Drum' of Terrorism Industry
by Sachi Sri Kantha
Introductory Note by Sri Kantha
The phrase 'Temple drum' (the English translation of a spicy colloquial phrase Kovil Melam in Eelam Tamil lingo) loses much in translation, unless one bothers to fathom the derisive bite it carries in the Tamil language. Kovil Melam refers to an inferior quality item of local origin - regularly seen ad nauseam, in contrast to a superior quality performer, invited specially as a guest for the occasion. The phrase originated in the realm of men musicians and women dancers of a voluptious variety, who provided daily service to the local temples. On festive occasions, the audience thronged the festival grounds in anticipation to listen to specially invited ranking artistes from Southern India, and they would be irritated and least interested in listening and observing their own 'Temple Drums'.
In the international world of Intelligence analysts, Sri Lanka-born slick performer Rohan Gunaratna had transformed into the 'Temple Drum' of Terrorism Industry. Until recently, he had been a staple contributor to the parochial press in Colombo (the Island newspaper) and Chennai (the Frontline magazine) spewing his intelligence on LTTE activities like a camel which spits when it is irritated. Thus it is heartening to see that in a few cities, investigative journalists have begun to size up the quality of 'intelligence' delivered by Gunaratna. The camouflage and cloak of this slick artist had been scruitinised, and Gary Hughes had produced an expose for the Melbourne Age newspaper on July 20th.
One should give the devil his due. The expose by Gary Hughes reveals that Gunaratna has some peculiar talent for (a) social climbing, (b) academic imposturing, (c) name dropping and (d) vita forgery, by puffing his vita with non-existing positions. To appreciate the expose of Gary Hughes, it would be helpful if one first reads how the Temple Drum of Terrorism Industry paraded himself as the Emperor of the Terrorism Analyst.
a few more exhibits to nail his place as the numero uno will follow shortly...time permitting
Alamgir Hussain
URL
December 2, 2006
03:05 AM
Just one last line: I just don't understand what is the "point" you want ot drive home. Give me a name of experts who have better understanding of this conflict. I hope your "Sachi Sri Kantha" was one but I didn't see anything in his publications.
Anyway, you want to tell us that these experts, I have mentioned, are nuts. So you agree with my analysis that it is an Islamic onslaught going on in Thailand and those guys are truly idoits. Good to see a second person, after Abdallah agreeing to my point of view.
Anamika
URL
December 2, 2006
07:49 AM
Alamgir, I don't agree with the essentialism that runs through your perspective of Islam and conflicts where the religion plays a role. I don't think any identity can be reduced only to religion since collective and individual identitities are formed on the matices of gender, race, ethnicity, class, etc. And these are constantly shifting and negotiating the boundaries. To make Islam the only crucible of individual and collective identities is not particularly useful or accurate.
On the other hand, your articles do bring a different viewpoint to the debates on Islam and violence and are thus very valuable.
Temporal, I have no idea who Sri Kantha is but Rohan Gunaratna is one of the world's leading terrorism experts. His primary empirical work came from the Sri Lankan situation and the Tamil Tigers.
His extension of his ideas to Islamist terrorism especially in the Middle East is highly contested by various others who feel that his empirical knowledge does not match up to his reputation. However, his prodigous output of researched articles and books does grant him the status of "a leading expert" on the topic.
I realise that DC is a forum for debate but I am a bit revolted by the insta-cut-and-paste phenomenon that seems to dog virtual discussions here. There is ample data on the internet, much of it suspect, on pretty much anyone and any topic. However indiscriminate use of it doesn't help a discussion, which hopefully is not a case of scoring points but intended to learn (its not the case, I realise, by evidence on other threads).
After all, we could argue Alamgir's point from the other side too, and use Tariq Ramadan as the leading expert on "modern" Islam. And Ramadan is probably easier to trash than Gunaratna. Simply discarding experts for ideological reasons is hardly the logical way to proceed.
temporal
URL
December 2, 2006
10:28 AM
Anamika:
you have said it well:
Alamgir, I don't agree with the essentialism that runs through your perspective of Islam and conflicts where the religion plays a role. I don't think any identity can be reduced only to religion since collective and individual identitities are formed on the matices of gender, race, ethnicity, class, etc. And these are constantly shifting and negotiating the boundaries. To make Islam the only crucible of individual and collective identities is not particularly useful or accurate.
perhaps it maybe obvious to you by now that am very leery of folks who view everything from a single lens, a single milepost, a single yardstick!... and then merrily paint everything in broad strokes
life is not so simple ...nor are we simpletons
Rohan Gunaratna is one of the world's leading terrorism experts.
obviously we can disagree...let me put on some more exhibits on him...he comes in as an uncle-abdul... a smart person who knows what the west would like to hear...and is overtly obliging...we should make a distinction between scholars and pseudo experts
i understand your distaste of cut n paste jobs...but i have to finish this rebuttal in a satisfactory manner for the intelligent readers here to make up their own minds...
temporal
URL
December 2, 2006
10:31 AM
alamgir:
thank you for taking the time out of what must be your busy schedule to respond
you wrote:
Have you heard the name of Rohan Gunaratna, the number one Islamic terrorism expert in the World.
and
Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies (IDSS, Singapore) remains number one institute researching on these issues. look at their publications and compare with others in the region. Rohan is the head of that Insititute.
let us see how others see this uncle-abdul...er temple drum
exhibit B
Terrorism Expertise of Rohan Gunaratna Questioned- David Small
excerpts:
temporal
URL
December 2, 2006
10:34 AM
alamgir:
#5: This is the last with you on this thread.
and
# 7: Just one last line:
it is alright to change one's mind:)
but
what is not alright is to resort to innuendoes such as:
... So you agree with my analysis...
as i mentioned in my very first communication with you, you continue to mix truths and untruths hoping the readers are gullible enough to fall for it :)
remember what i wrote?
#2
temporal
URL
November 16, 2006
06:25 PM
alamgir:
there is a lot of truth here mixed with lots more untruths...reminds me of gen zina-ul-haq's quote from 60 minutes:
take a lot of hotch-potch and mix it with more hotch-potch and it wil remain hotch-potch
good luck with deconstructing cobwebs in your mind
peace!
:)
Alamgir Hussain
URL
December 2, 2006
10:47 AM
Thank you Anamika, It is OK to disagree. However, some of the folks here are just to jot in anything without seeking to reach a fruitful end. It is naive to trash Rohan just on the basis of a few articles written by some folks which has never been debated. A person of his towering reputation are should normally have load of critical materials against him.
About Ramadan, you also take a similar stand here like temporal. He is definitely a greater figure in his own discipline who was voted one amongst the top 100 thinkers of the world in 2004. He is the heroes of intelelctuals (left/liberal/humnists) of the West. He is being seen as a savior for the West by many including EU and UK. Your saying that you can just trash him away is equally naive. He could be trashed in an standard rational debate but not on the ideology he is an expert on.
Anyway, I started working on a comprehensive article on Ramadan but then I stopped early. I bought a few books on his heroes Ibn Khaldun and Imam Ghazali. I want to finish reading them first before I get back to finish the article.
temporal
URL
December 2, 2006
01:02 PM
alamgir:
It is naive to trash Rohan just on the basis of a few articles written by some folks which has never been debated. A person of his towering reputation are should normally have load of critical materials against him.
:)
thanks you for this brilliant interpretation
if a person has towering reputation then he or she would have many detratctors (how many is many?) not just a few!
what i have shown here to enhance his towering reputation took a few minutes only...
the simple ground reality is that the media needs uncle-abduls...there aren't enough of them around
*****
here is another post about the towering genius;)
*****
Whenever a comment has been needed about al-Qaeda or terrorism, Rohan Gunaratna has been there to supply it. Who is he? Gary Hughes reports in the Age.
Gunaratna, 42, had ridden a wave of success driven by the basic laws of supply and demand - there were not enough experts to meet the demand from the media and publishers for intelligence analysts able to provide a catchy quote or headline. And Gunaratna appeared happy to break the mould of the public's traditional idea of an academic analyst, making at times startling claims based on what he said were his own intelligence "sources" and criticising governments - including Canberra - for not doing enough and being too concerned about civil liberties.
Also under scrutiny are the financial links between analysts who highlight the dangers posed by terrorists and private corporations that stand to make money from an increased atmosphere of fear.
Members of Australia's intelligence community, and in particular ASIO, are known to be dismissive of many of Gunaratna's more sensational statements, such as claims that alleged military chief of the Jemaah Islamiyah network and senior al-Qaeda member Hambali had regularly visited Australia.
In Britain, The Observer newspaper's home affairs editor and long-time writer on Islamic terrorist groups, Martin Bright, describes Gunaratna as "the least reliable of the experts on bin Laden". He says Gunaratna is often used by the British authorities as an expert witness in the prosecution of Islamist terror suspects because they can rely on him to be apocalyptic.
In Australia, journalist and commentator on intelligence issues Brian Toohey is one of the few to have openly questioned Gunaratna's credentials, describing him as a "self-proclaimed expert" and dismissing some of his claims as "plain silly". He uses as an example a warning by Gunaratna published in November 2001 in the Australia/Israel and Jewish Affairs Council Review that terrorist groups might try to influence Australian politicians by rallying "10,000 or 20,000 votes" in their electorates.
REALITY CHECK
The claim: In his book Inside al-Qaeda and in several interviews, Rohan Gunaratna gives graphic details of how terrorists planned to hijack a British Airways jet at London's Heathrow Airport on September 11, 2001, and fly it into the British Houses of Parliament. The plot was foiled when aircraft in Britain were grounded immediately after the attack on New York's twin towers. The source for the information was Indian intelligence interrogations of Mohammed Afroz, a 25-year-old Muslim and suspected member of al-Qaeda, arrested in Mumbai on October 3, 2001. Afroz told interrogators he had been to flying schools in Victoria and Britain and also planned to fly a plane into Melbourne's Rialto Towers.
The reality: Afroz was released by an Indian court on indefinite bail in April, 2001 after Indian police failed to bring charges. As part of the investigation, Indian intelligence agents flew to Australia in February 2001 to check out his claims. It was reported after his release that New Delhi police believed Mumbai police made up the sensational claims allegedly made by Afroz. ASIO said in its 2002 annual report that none of the allegations made by Afroz that related to Australia could be corroborated and they were assessed "to be lacking in credibility".
The claim: Hambali, the operation commander of the terrorist group behind the Bali bombings, Jemaah Islamiah, and other leaders had visited Australia a dozen times, according to the Australia edition of Rohan Gunaratna's Inside al-Qaeda.
The reality: Attorney-General Daryl Williams said checks within Australia and overseas had failed to find any record of Hambali having travelled to Australia "under his own name or any known aliases".
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